Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique in which the width of a pulse is modulated keeping the time period of the wave constant. One cycle has a fixed time period called ‘Period’ and a varying on time called ‘Duty cycle’. The entire wave can have two voltages levels either logic 0 or logic 1.
The PWM wave is very useful in the digital systems, since this can be used to generate different voltage values other than the logic 0 or logic 1 values. This feature is making use in so many digital systems like DC motor control, audio devices, simple decoration light controls etc.
The PIC18F4550 has an inbuilt PWM module which can generate continuous PWM waves. The Period and the duty cycle of the PWMwave can be adjusted in program. This project explores the PWM module of the PIC18F4550 and tries to glow an LED with varying intensities, which shows that it is possible to generate any required voltage at a pin of a digital microcontroller with the help of PWM waves.
PWM is a digital wave that can be generated using digital circuits which are not capable of generating analog voltages. With the help of the modulation of the width of a pulse in a period of the wave, they can generate any required voltage with the help of a proper filter circuits. Thus the PWM wave is always associated with a filter circuit which has been designed according to the timing details of the pulse.
The filter could be any device which can generate the equivalent voltage of a PWM voltage. It normally consists of Low-pass filters, amplifiers, load drivers etc. They generate the voltage and fed that voltage to the load device. In certain cases where the load itself can act as a filter generating the voltage from the PWM wave and drive itself using that voltage. The example of such a devices which can itself act as a PWM filter is DC motor. In this particular project also there is no filter circuit since the aim is to vary the intensity of a glowing LED only. It doesn’t mean that the LED can act as a filter; rather it is the persistence of vision that makes one feel that the intensity of the LED is varying. In this case the LED is glowing normally for the logic1 and logic0 voltages of a PWM, but the variation in the ON time make one feel that the intensity is varying. Here the persistence of vision plays the key role and the filter device is nothing but our eyes itself.
The PIC18F4550 has four PWM output channels and they are P1A, P1B, P1C and P1D. All of them are capable of generating PWM waves at a time. In this project only one of the PWM channels are using. The P1A is the PWM channel in this particular project.
As shown in the above figure the ‘Period’ of all the wave remains the same but their ‘Duty-cycle’ varies.
The period of the wave is the sum of the ‘ON time + OFF time’. Duty-cycle is the percentage of time period for which the logic1 voltage exists in a cycle (ON time), starting from the beginning of the cycle.
The PWM is that kind of a wave in which the ON time and OFF time can vary in a cycle but the sum of ‘ON time + OFF time’ remains constant for every cycle.
The period and the duty cycle for a PWM wave can be calculated generally using the following equations;
Period = ON time + OFF time
Duty-cycle = ON time / (ON time + OFF time) = ON time / Period
As shown in the figure, the first PWM wave has a Duty-cycle of 50% which means the on-time is exactly half of that the period of the wave. The second wave has 10% Duty-cycleand the third wave has 90% Duty-cycle. When applied to a proper filter the 50% duty cycle can produce half of the maximum voltage of the pulse. If the maximum voltage (logic 1 voltage) of the pulse is 5V then the 50% duty cycle wave can produce a continuous 2.5V. The 10% duty cycle wave can produce nearly 0 voltages and the 90% duty cycle wave can produce nearly 5V.Thus the wave when applied to a filter can continuously produce a voltage which is the average of the voltage in a single period.
Increasing the Duty-cycle will increase the voltage at the filter device’s output and decreasing the Duty-cycle will decrease the voltage as well
The filter could be anything like a capacitor or inductor. Even though if there is no filter most of the device can generate a corresponding output with a PWM wave resembles that the device is operating at the average voltage of that PWM wave. The LED in this project is the simplest example for such a kind of device.
The registers:
The registers which help in generating the Period and the Duty cycle of the PWM module in a PIC18F4550 are CPR1, PR2 and TMR2. The TMR2 and the PR2 are the timer value and the Pre-scalar value registers of the Timer2 module. They are used to generate the Period of the PWM wave. The CCPR1 is a 10 bit register which can be used to set the duty cycle of the PWM wave.
Suppose one have written the required values into the PR2 and the CCPR1 registers for the Period and Duty cycle of the PWM wave. The TMR2 value is always set to zero once the PWM module is enabled. Once the module is enabled then with each clock the timer2 receives, the value in the TMR2 increases. Hence these registers act like up-counters. This value in the TMR2 register is always under a comparison with the values in the PR2 register and the CCPR1 register like as shown in the following figure;
As per the above figure, the Duty-cycle (on-time) is available until the TMR2 value exceeds the CCPR1 value, since the Duty-cycle is the output of the comparator which compares the TMR2 value with the CCPR1 value. The Period of the wave is available further until the value in the TMR2 exceeds the PR2 value since the Period is the output of the comparator which compares the TMR2 value with the PR2 value
Once the value in the TMR2 exceeds that of the PR2 then the TMR2 is cleared to zero and starts counting again. Hence continuous PWM wave with specified duty cycle and Period is available at the PWM output pin. Once can rewrite the CCPR1 value any time to change the duty cycle of the PWM wave so as to change the voltage which the wave is generating at the filter device connected to the PWM pin of the microcontroller.
The Period of the PWM wave in PIC18F4550 given by;
PWM Period = [(PR2) + 1] * 4 * TOSC * (TMR2 Pre-scale Value)
The Duty cycle of the PWM wave in PIC18F4550 is given by;
PWM Duty Cycle = (CCPR1 * TOSC * (TMR2 Pre-scale Value)
CCP1CON
This is the register which controls the PWM operation in PIC18F4550. It can be used to configure the PWM output channels and enable the PWM module in the required mode and can also be used to set the lower two bits of the duty cycle value.
{C}{C}{C}{C}{C}
{C}{C}{C}{C}{C}
| Output Configuration bits | Duty Cycle Bit 1 | Duty Cycle Bit 0 | Mode Select bits | ||||
| 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
The output configuration bits can be written to select the ‘single-output’, ‘full bridge’, ‘half bridge ‘or ‘full-bridge’ output reverse modes with the four PWM channels. This particular project uses the single-output PWM at P1A channel.
The output configuration can be done as shown in the following table;
Output Configuration bits
| Description | ||
| P1M1 | P1M0 | |
| 0 | 0 | Single output: P1A modulated; P1B, P1C, P1D assigned as port pins |
| 0 | 1 | Full-bridge output forward: P1D modulated; P1A active; P1B, P1C inactive |
| 1 | 0 | Half-bridge output: P1A, P1B modulated with dead-band control; P1C, P1D assigned as port pins |
| 1 | 1 | Full-bridge output reverse: P1B modulated; P1C active; P1A, P1D inactive |
Duty cycle bit 1 and Duty cycle bit 0 are the two lower bits of the CPR1 register which can be used to set the duty cycle of the PWM waveform.
The Mode select bits can be used to select the modes of the PWM of the four PWM output channels. The four possible output modes are shown in the following table;
| Mode Select bits | Description | |||
| CCP1M3 | CCP1M2 | CCP1M1 | CCP1M0 | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | P1A, P1C Active-High; P1B, P1D active-high |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | P1A, P1C Active-High; P1B, P1D active-low |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | P1A, P1C Active-Low; P1B, P1D active-high |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | P1A, P1C Active-Low; P1B, P1D active-low |
In this project the output configuration bits are selected so as to select single output with P1A, and mode select bits so as to get P1A, P1B, P1C and P1D as active-high, which means they will be high during the duty cycle.
Hence the value of the CCP1CON register can be written as;
CCP1CON = 0x0C
T2CON
This register of the timer2 module can be written to set the timer pre-scalar and post-scalars and also to turn on/off the timer2.
{C}{C}{C}{C}{C}
{C}{C}{C}{C}{C}
| Unimplemented | Post-scale Select bits | Timer2 On bit | Pre-scale Select bits | |||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
The MSB is unimplemented. The following four bits can be used to set the post-scalar as shown below;
Post-scale Select bits
| Description | ||||
| T2OUTPS3 | T2OUTPS2 | T2OUTPS1 | T2OUTPS0 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:1 Post-scale |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1:2 Post-scale |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1:3 Post-scale |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1:4 Post-scale |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:5 Post-scale |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1:6 Post-scale |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1:7 Post-scale |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1:8 Post-scale |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1:9 Post-scale |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1:10 Post-scale |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1:11 Post-scale |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1:12 Post-scale |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1:13 Post-scale |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1:14 Post-scale |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1:15 Post-scale |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1:16 Post-scale |
#include <p18f4550.h>
For more detail: How to Glow an LED using PWM with PIC Microcontroller
About The Author
Ibrar Ayyub
I am an experienced technical writer holding a Master's degree in computer science from BZU Multan, Pakistan University. With a background spanning various industries, particularly in home automation and engineering, I have honed my skills in crafting clear and concise content. Proficient in leveraging infographics and diagrams, I strive to simplify complex concepts for readers. My strength lies in thorough research and presenting information in a structured and logical format.
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