Abstract:
The Atmega8 microcontroller from Atmel has plenty of digital and analog input/output lines. It is the ideal device to develop any kind of measurement equipment.
In this article we see how to interconnect the microcontroller to a linux PC over a physical RS232 interface without the extra MAX232 chip.
Introduction
A pre-requisite for this article is that you have the GCC AVR programming environment installed as described in my âProgramming the AVR microcontroller with GCC, libc 1.0.4â article. If you want to avoid troubles with the installation you can of course use the AVR programming CD from http://shop.tuxgraphics.org
When you use such an advanced device as a microcontroller to measure analog or digital signals then you want of course interfaces to evaluate the data or send commands to the microcontroller. In all the articles presented here in the past we always used rs232 communication with the UART that is included in the microcontroller. The problem is that this requires an additional MAX232 chip and 4 extra capacitors. Atmel suggests also that an external crystal osciallator is required for the UART communication to work reliably. In any case it is a lot of extra partsâŚ.. and we can avoid them!
The amount of data to transfer between PC and microcontroller is usually very small (just a few bytes). Speed it therefore no issue at all. This makes the I2C bus/protocol suitable for this task.
I2C (prounouce âeye-square-seeâ) is a two-wire bidirectional communication interface. It was invented by Philips and they have protected this name. This is why other manufacturers use a different name for the same protocol. Atmel calls I2C âtwo wire interfaceâ (TWI).
Many of you might already be using I2C on their PCs without knowing it. All modern motherboards have an I2C bus to read temperatures, fan speed, information about available memoryâŚ. all kind of hardware information. This I2C bus is unfortunately not available on the outside of the PC (there is no physical connector). Therefore we will have to invent something new.
But letâs first see how the âtwo wire interfaceâ (=TWI = alternative name for I2C) works.
How I2C/TWI works
The datasheet of the Atmega8 (see references) has actually a very detailed description starting on page 160. I will therefore present here just an overview. After this overview you will be able to understand the description in the datasheet.
On the I2C bus you always have one master and one or several slave devices. The master is the device that initiates the communication and controls the clock. The two wires of this bus are called SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line). Each of the devices on the bus must be powered independently (same as with traditional rs232 communication). The two lines of the bus are normally connected via 4.7K pullup resistors to logically âHighâ (+5V for 5V ICs). This gives an electrical âorâ connection between all the devices. A device just puls a line to GND when it wants to transmit a 0 or leaves it âHighâ when it sends a 1.
The master starts a communication by sending a pattern called âstart conditionâ and then addresses the device it wants to talk to. Each device on the bus has a 7 bit unique address. After that the master sends a bit which indicates if it wants to read or write data. The slave will now acknowledge that it has understood the master by sending an ack-bit. In other words we have now seen 9 bits of data on the bus (7 address bits + read_bit + ack-bit):
| start | 7-bit slave adr | read_data bit | wait for ack | ... data comes here
Whatâs next?
Next we can receive or transmit data. Data is always a multiple of 8 bits (1 byte) and must be acknowledged by an ack-bit. In other words we will always see 9-bit packets on the bus. When the communication is over then the master must transmit a âstop conditionâ. In other words the master must know how much data will come when it reads data from a slave. This is however not a problem since you can transmit this information inside the user protocol. We will e.g use the zero byte at the end of a string to indicate that there is no more data.
The data on the SDA wire is valid while the SCL is 1. Like this:
One of the best things about this protocol is that you do not need a precise and synchronous clock signal. The protocol does still work when there is a little bit jitter in the clock signal.
Exactly this property makes it possible to implement the I2C protocol in a user space application without the need for a kernel driver or special hardware (like a UART). Cool isnât it?
The plan
As said before we cannot use the PCs internal I2C bus but we can use any external interface where we can send and receive individual data bits. We will just use the RS232 hardware interface of our PC. In other words our communication interface is still the same as in previous articles but we save the MAX232 hardware, capacitors, etcâŚ
The tough part is of course to implement the I2C protocol from scratch. It took me 5 weeks to learn it and debug it but now it is done and you can just copy it :-). I hope you remember the value of this code when you use it.
As an example application we will build a thermometer. You can of course measure something else or just switch on/off lights. Itâs up to you.
In a second article we will add a local LCD display. In other words you will have a thermometer where you can read the temperature directly from the display and/or you can read it out with your linux PC. The display comes in a second article in order not to overload this one.
For more detail: A digital thermometer or talk I2C to your atmel microcontroller
About The Author
Ibrar Ayyub
I am an experienced technical writer holding a Master's degree in computer science from BZU Multan, Pakistan University. With a background spanning various industries, particularly in home automation and engineering, I have honed my skills in crafting clear and concise content. Proficient in leveraging infographics and diagrams, I strive to simplify complex concepts for readers. My strength lies in thorough research and presenting information in a structured and logical format.
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