In our modern era, digital logic has become the core of all the electronics circuits either in the form of an FPGA, microcontroller, microprocessor, or discreet logic. Digital systems use many components that must be interconnected to perform the required functions. The vital element for proper operation of such a digital system is a CLOCK signal that enables all these digital components to communicate and establish synchronization between them. Hence, we always need a source to generate this clock signal.
This source comes in the form of an oscillator. Although most of today’s microcontrollers have an integrated RC oscillator, the clock generated by such an internal RC oscillator is typically not good enough to support the precision required for communication with other modules in the system. Thus, an external oscillator is required that can provide a clock signal to the complete system and yet meet all the requirements for precision, signal integrity and stability.
This article concentrates on the various aspects of an oscillator for accurate clock generation over temperature and time. Topics covered include:
- Oscillator – Basic criteria for oscillation
- Quartz crystal oscillator
- Oscillator and stability
- Q factor and it’s importance
- Different types of crystal oscillator
Subsequent parts of this article will cover design and provide more detail on: 
- Pierce crystal (XO)
- Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCXO)
- Temperature controlled oscillator (TCXO)
- Oven controlled oscillator (OCXO)
- Importance of Negative Resistance
For more detail: Oscillators: How to generate a precise clock source
About The Author
Ibrar Ayyub
I am an experienced technical writer holding a Master's degree in computer science from BZU Multan, Pakistan University. With a background spanning various industries, particularly in home automation and engineering, I have honed my skills in crafting clear and concise content. Proficient in leveraging infographics and diagrams, I strive to simplify complex concepts for readers. My strength lies in thorough research and presenting information in a structured and logical format.
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